Khoom Hoobkas | Tuam Tshoj cov khoom lag luam thiab cov chaw muag khoom

100% PureArctium lappa roj Chaw tsim tshuaj paus - Ntuj Txiv qaub Arctium lappa roj nrog Cov Ntawv Pov Thawj Zoo

Cov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv

Burdock paus feem ntau noj, tsis tau, tuaj yeem qhuav thiab steeped rau hauv tshuaj yej. Nws ua haujlwm zoo raws li qhov chaw ntawm inulin, aprebioticfiber ntau uas pab digestion thiab txhim kho plab hnyuv. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov hauv paus hniav no muaj flavonoids (cov khoom noj cog qoob loo),phytochemicals, thiab antioxidants uas paub tias muaj txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv.

Tsis tas li ntawd, burdock hauv paus tuaj yeem muab lwm cov txiaj ntsig zoo li:

Txo qhov mob ntev

Burdock hauv paus muaj ntau cov antioxidants, xws li quercetin, phenolic acids, thiab luteolin, uas tuaj yeem pab tiv thaiv koj lub hlwb los ntawmdawb radicals. Cov tshuaj antioxidants no pab txo qhov mob thoob plaws hauv lub cev.

Kev Nyab Xeeb Kev Nyab Xeeb

Burdock hauv paus yog suav tias yog kev nyab xeeb noj lossis haus li tshuaj yej. Txawm li cas los xij, cov nroj tsuag no zoo ib yam li belladonna nightshade nroj tsuag, uas yog tshuaj lom. Nws raug pom zoo kom tsuas yog yuav cov hauv paus burdock los ntawm cov neeg muag khoom ntseeg siab thiab tsis txhob khaws nws ntawm koj tus kheej. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov ntaub ntawv tsawg tsawg ntawm nws cov teebmeem hauv menyuam yaus lossis cov poj niam cev xeeb tub. Tham nrog koj tus kws kho mob ua ntej siv cov cag burdock nrog cov menyuam yaus lossis yog tias koj cev xeeb tub.

Nov yog qee qhov kev pheej hmoo rau kev noj qab haus huv los txiav txim siab yog tias siv cov hauv paus burdock:

Ua kom lub cev qhuav dej

Burdock hauv paus ua zoo li lub ntuj diuretic, uas tuaj yeem ua rau lub cev qhuav dej. Yog tias koj noj tshuaj dej lossis lwm yam tshuaj diuretics, koj yuav tsum tsis txhob noj cov hauv paus burdock. Yog tias koj noj cov tshuaj no, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub txog lwm yam tshuaj, tshuaj ntsuab, thiab cov khoom xyaw uas yuav ua rau lub cev qhuav dej.

Kev ua xua

Yog tias koj hnov mob lossis muaj keeb kwm ntawm kev ua xua rau daisies, ragweed, lossis chrysanthemums, koj yuav muaj kev pheej hmoo siab rau kev tsis haum rau hauv paus burdock.

nthuav dav
Lag luam wholesale tej nqe 100% Ntshiab AsariRadix thiab Rhizoma roj So kom txaus Aromatherapy Eucalyptus globulus

Tsiaj txhu thiab cov kev tshawb fawb hauv vitro tau tshawb xyuas qhov muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv kab mob, tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab mob plawv ntawm sassafras thiab nws cov khoom. Txawm li cas los xij, kev sim tshuaj tsis muaj, thiab sassafras tsis suav tias muaj kev nyab xeeb rau kev siv. Safrole, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm sassafras cag ntoo thiab roj, tau raug txwv los ntawm US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), suav nrog kev siv tshuaj tsw qab lossis tshuaj tsw qab, thiab yuav tsum tsis txhob siv sab hauv lossis sab nraud, vim tias nws muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj carcinogenic. Safrole tau siv los ua txhaum cai ntawm 3,4-methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), tseem paub los ntawm txoj kev npe "ecstasy" lossis "Molly," thiab kev muag cov roj safrole thiab sassafras yog saib xyuas los ntawm US Drug Enforcement Administration.

nthuav dav
Lag luam wholesale tej nqi 100% Ntshiab Stellariae Radix tseem ceeb roj (tshiab) So kom txaus Aromatherapy Eucalyptus globulus

Suav Pharmacopoeia (2020 tsab) xav kom cov methanol extract ntawm YCH yuav tsum tsis txhob tsawg tshaj li 20.0% [2], tsis muaj lwm yam kev ntsuas ntsuas tau teev tseg. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb no qhia tau hais tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj methanol extracts ntawm cov tsiaj qus thiab cog qoob loo ob leeg ua tau raws li tus qauv tshuaj pharmacopoeia, thiab tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm lawv. Yog li ntawd, tsis muaj qhov zoo sib txawv ntawm cov qauv qus thiab cog qoob loo, raws li qhov ntsuas ntawd. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntsiab lus ntawm tag nrho cov sterols thiab tag nrho cov flavonoids hauv cov qauv qus tau ntau dua li cov hauv cov qauv cog qoob loo. Kev txheeb xyuas metabolomic ntxiv tau nthuav tawm ntau cov metabolite ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov tsiaj qus thiab cog qoob loo. Tsis tas li ntawd, 97 qhov sib txawv metabolites tau raug tshuaj xyuas, uas tau teev nyob rau hauvNtxiv Table S2. Ntawm cov metabolites sib txawv no yog β-sitosterol (ID yog M397T42) thiab quercetin derivatives (M447T204_2), uas tau tshaj tawm tias yog cov khoom xyaw nquag. Yav dhau los cov ntsiab lus tsis tau tshaj tawm, xws li trigonelline (M138T291_2), betaine (M118T277_2), fustin (M269T36), rotenone (M241T189), arctiin (M557T165) thiab loganic acid (M3_29T28), kuj yog metabolites. Cov khoom no ua si ntau lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tiv thaiv oxidation, tiv thaiv kev mob, tshem tawm cov dawb radicals, tiv thaiv qog noj ntshav thiab kho atherosclerosis thiab, yog li ntawd, tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom siv tshiab hauv YCH. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom xyaw nquag txiav txim siab qhov ua tau zoo thiab zoo ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj [7]. Hauv cov ntsiab lus, methanol extract tsuas yog YCH qhov kev ntsuas qhov ntsuas tau zoo muaj qee qhov kev txwv, thiab cov cim tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau tshawb xyuas ntxiv. Muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv tag nrho cov sterols, tag nrho cov flavonoids thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntau lwm cov metabolites sib txawv ntawm cov tsiaj qus thiab cog qoob loo YCH; yog li, muaj peev xwm qee qhov zoo sib txawv ntawm lawv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov khoom tshiab uas tau tshawb pom muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo hauv YCH tej zaum yuav muaj txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb rau kev kawm txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm YCH thiab kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm YCH cov peev txheej.

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj tau ntev tau lees paub hauv thaj av tshwj xeeb ntawm keeb kwm los tsim cov tshuaj suav tshuaj ntsuab zoo heev [8]. Kev ua tau zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj, thiab qhov chaw nyob yog qhov tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv zoo li no. Puas tau txij li YCH pib siv los ua tshuaj, nws tau ntev los ntawm YCH qus. Tom qab ua tiav kev taw qhia thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm YCH hauv Ningxia hauv xyoo 1980s, lub hauv paus ntawm Yinchaihu cov ntaub ntawv tshuaj maj mam hloov ntawm cov tsiaj qus mus rau cog YCH. Raws li kev tshawb nrhiav yav dhau los rau YCH qhov chaw [9] thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm peb pab pawg tshawb fawb, muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv thaj chaw faib khoom ntawm cov khoom siv cog qoob loo thiab cov khoom siv tshuaj ntsuab. Cov tsiaj qus YCH feem ntau yog muab faib rau hauv Ningxia Hui Autonomous Thaj Chaw ntawm Shaanxi Xeev, nyob ib sab ntawm thaj tsam arid ntawm Inner Mongolia thiab hauv nruab nrab Ningxia. Tshwj xeeb, cov suab puam steppe nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no yog qhov chaw zoo tshaj plaws rau YCH txoj kev loj hlob. Nyob rau hauv sib piv, cov cultivated YCH feem ntau yog muab faib mus rau sab qab teb ntawm lub hav zoov faib cheeb tsam, xws li Tongxin County (Cultivated I) thiab nws cov cheeb tsam ib puag ncig, uas tau dhau los ua cov loj tshaj plaws cultivated thiab ntau lawm puag nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj, thiab Pengyang County (Cultivated II), uas yog nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yav qab teb cheeb tsam thiab yog lwm qhov chaw tsim khoom rau cog YCH. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov chaw nyob ntawm ob qhov chaw cog qoob loo saum toj no tsis yog suab puam steppe. Yog li ntawd, ntxiv rau hom kev tsim khoom, kuj tseem muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov chaw nyob ntawm cov tsiaj qus thiab cog qoob loo YCH. Habitat yog ib qho tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj ntsuab. Cov chaw nyob sib txawv yuav cuam tshuam rau kev tsim thiab sib sau ntawm cov metabolites theem nrab hauv cov nroj tsuag, yog li cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj [10,11]. Yog li ntawd, qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm tag nrho cov flavonoids thiab tag nrho cov sterols thiab cov lus qhia ntawm 53 metabolites uas peb pom hauv txoj kev tshawb no tej zaum yuav tshwm sim los ntawm kev tswj teb thiab chaw nyob sib txawv.

Ib txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb uas ib puag ncig cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj yog los ntawm kev siv zog rau cov nroj tsuag. Kev ntxhov siab ib puag ncig ib puag ncig zoo li txhawb kev sib sau ntawm cov metabolites theem nrab [12,13]. Qhov kev loj hlob / qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kev xav tau hais tias, thaum cov khoom noj muaj txaus, cov nroj tsuag feem ntau loj hlob, thaum cov as-ham tsis txaus, cov nroj tsuag feem ntau sib txawv thiab tsim cov metabolites thib ob [14]. Drought kev nyuaj siab tshwm sim los ntawm dej tsis txaus yog lub ntsiab ib puag ncig kev nyuaj siab ntsib los ntawm cov nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv arid cheeb tsam. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, cov dej ntawm cov cultivated YCH yog ntau tshaj, nrog rau txhua xyoo nag los nag ntau dua li cov qus YCH (dej mov rau Cultivated kuv yog li 2 npaug ntawm cov qus; Cultivated II yog hais txog 3.5 npaug ntawm cov qus). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov av hauv ib puag ncig qus yog cov av xuab zeb, tab sis cov av hauv thaj av yog av nplaum. Piv nrog av nplaum, cov av xuab zeb muaj peev xwm khaws dej tsis zoo thiab yuav ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab ntau dua. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov txheej txheem cog qoob loo feem ntau nrog kev ywg dej, yog li qhov kev ntxhov siab ntawm drought tsawg. Tsiaj qus YCH loj hlob nyob rau hauv hnyav tej yam ntuj tso arid tej chaw, thiab yog li ntawd nws yuav raug kev txom nyem drought loj heev.

Osmoregulation yog ib qho tseem ceeb physiological mechanism uas cov nroj tsuag tiv nrog drought kev nyuaj siab, thiab alkaloids yog ib qho tseem ceeb osmotic regulators nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag siab dua [15]. Betaines yog dej-soluble alkaloid quaternary ammonium compounds thiab tuaj yeem ua osmoprotectants. Kev nyuaj siab ntxhov plawv tuaj yeem txo cov peev xwm osmotic ntawm cov hlwb, thaum osmoprotectants khaws thiab tswj cov qauv thiab kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov macromolecules lom, thiab txo qhov kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kev nyuaj siab rau cov nroj tsuag [16]. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv drought kev nyuaj siab, cov ntsiab lus betaine ntawm qab zib beet thiab Lycium barbarum nce ho [17,18]. Trigonelline yog tus tswj kev loj hlob ntawm tes, thiab nyob rau hauv drought kev nyuaj siab, nws muaj peev xwm ncua ntev ntawm cov nroj tsuag cell voj voog, inhibit cell loj hlob thiab ua rau lub cell ntim shrinkage. Cov txheeb ze nce nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub cell ua rau cov nroj tsuag kom ua tiav cov kev cai osmotic thiab txhim khu nws lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv drought kev nyuaj siab [19]. JIA X [20] pom tias, nrog kev nce hauv kev ntxhov siab, Astragalus membranaceus (ib lub hauv paus ntawm cov tshuaj suav tshuaj) tsim ntau trigonelline, uas ua rau tswj cov peev xwm osmotic thiab txhim kho lub peev xwm tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab. Flavonoids kuj tau pom tias ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov nroj tsuag tsis kam tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab [21,22]. Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau lees paub tias qhov kev ntxhov siab me ntsis drought yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev sib sau ntawm flavonoids. Lang Duo-Yong et al. [23] piv cov teebmeem ntawm kev nyuaj siab rau kev nyuaj siab ntawm YCH los ntawm kev tswj cov dej tuav hauv thaj teb. Nws tau pom tias kev nyuaj siab ntxhov siab cuam tshuam kev loj hlob ntawm cov hauv paus hniav mus rau qee qhov, tab sis nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab hnyav drought kev nyuaj siab (40% dej tuav peev), tag nrho cov ntsiab lus flavonoid hauv YCH nce. Meanwhile, nyob rau hauv drought kev nyuaj siab, phytosterols tuaj yeem ua los tswj cov cell membrane fluidity thiab permeability, inhibit dej poob thiab txhim kho kev ntxhov siab.24,25]. Yog li ntawd, qhov nce ntxiv ntawm tag nrho cov flavonoids, tag nrho cov sterols, betaine, trigonelline thiab lwm yam metabolites theem nrab hauv cov tsiaj qus YCH tej zaum yuav cuam tshuam rau kev siv zog drought siab.

Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, KEGG txoj kev txhim kho kev txheeb xyuas tau ua tiav ntawm cov metabolites uas tau pom tias muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tsiaj qus thiab cog qoob loo YCH. Cov metabolites enriched suav nrog cov neeg koom nrog hauv txoj hauv kev ntawm ascorbate thiab aldarate metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, histidine metabolism thiab beta-alanine metabolism. Cov txheej txheem metabolic no muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov nroj tsuag kev ntxhov siab tiv thaiv mechanisms. Ntawm lawv, ascorbate metabolism plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov nroj tsuag antioxidant ntau lawm, carbon thiab nitrogen metabolism, kev ntxhov siab thiab lwm yam kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev [26]; aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis yog txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov protein [27,28], uas yog koom nrog hauv kev sib txuas ntawm cov protein tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab. Ob txoj hauv kev histidine thiab β-alanine tuaj yeem txhim kho kev cog qoob loo rau ib puag ncig kev ntxhov siab [29,30]. Qhov no qhia ntxiv tias qhov sib txawv ntawm cov metabolites ntawm cov tsiaj qus thiab cog qoob loo YCH muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ntxhov siab.

Av yog cov khoom siv hauv paus rau kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag tshuaj. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) thiab poov tshuaj (K) hauv av yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Av organic teeb meem kuj muaj N, P, K, Zn, Ca, Mg thiab lwm yam macroelements thiab kab kawm uas xav tau rau cov nroj tsuag tshuaj. Cov as-ham ntau dhau los yog tsis txaus, lossis qhov sib npaug ntawm cov khoom noj tsis txaus, yuav cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob thiab cov khoom siv tshuaj zoo, thiab cov nroj tsuag sib txawv muaj cov khoom noj sib txawv [31,32,33]. Piv txwv li, qhov tsis tshua muaj N kev ntxhov siab txhawb kev sib txuas ntawm alkaloids hauv Isatis indigotica, thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev sib sau ntawm flavonoids hauv cov nroj tsuag xws li Tetrastigma hemsleyanum, Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge thiab Dichondra repens Forst. Nyob rau hauv sib piv, ntau N inhibited lub tsub zuj zuj ntawm flavonoids nyob rau hauv hom xws li Erigeron breviscapus, Abrus cantoniensis thiab Ginkgo biloba, thiab cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshuaj [34]. Daim ntawv thov ntawm P fertilizer tau zoo hauv kev nce cov ntsiab lus ntawm glycyrrhizic acid thiab dihydroacetone hauv Ural licorice [35]. Thaum daim ntawv thov nyiaj ntau tshaj 0·12 kg·m−2, tag nrho cov ntsiab lus flavonoid hauv Tussilago farfara txo [36]. Daim ntawv thov ntawm P fertilizer muaj qhov tsis zoo rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm polysaccharides hauv cov tshuaj suav tshuaj rhizoma polygonati [37], tab sis ib qho chiv K tau zoo hauv kev nce nws cov ntsiab lus ntawm saponins [38]. Kev siv 450 kg·hm−2 K chiv yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau kev loj hlob thiab saponin sib sau ntawm Panax notoginseng ob xyoos [39]. Raws li qhov piv ntawm N: P: K = 2: 2: 1, tag nrho cov nyiaj ntawm hydrothermal extract, harpagide thiab harpagoside yog qhov siab tshaj [40]. Qhov sib piv siab ntawm N, P thiab K tau txais txiaj ntsig los txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm Pogostemon cablin thiab nce cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov roj tsis hloov pauv. Qhov qis qis ntawm N, P thiab K nce cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm Pogostemon cablin qia nplooj roj [41]. YCH yog cov nroj tsuag uas tsis muaj av-tiv taus, thiab nws yuav muaj cov kev xav tau tshwj xeeb rau cov khoom noj xws li N, P thiab K. Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, piv nrog cov cog YCH, cov av ntawm cov tsiaj qus YCH cov nroj tsuag kuj tsis zoo: cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov organic teeb meem, tag nrho N, tag nrho P thiab tag nrho K yog txog 1/10, 1/2, 1/3 thiab 1/3 cultivated cov nroj tsuag. Yog li, qhov sib txawv ntawm cov as-ham hauv av tej zaum yuav yog lwm qhov laj thawj rau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov metabolites kuaj pom hauv cov cog thiab qus YCH. Weibao Ma et al. [42] pom tias daim ntawv thov ntawm ib tug npaum li cas ntawm N chiv thiab P chiv ho txhim kho cov qoob loo thiab zoo ntawm cov noob. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus ntawm qhov zoo ntawm YCH tsis meej, thiab kev ntsuas fertilization los txhim kho cov khoom siv tshuaj zoo yuav tsum tau kawm ntxiv.

Cov tshuaj suav tshuaj ntsuab muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm "Cov chaw nyob zoo txhawb cov txiaj ntsig, thiab cov chaw tsis zoo txhim kho kom zoo" [43]. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm maj mam hloov ntawm cov tsiaj qus mus rau cultivated YCH, qhov chaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag hloov los ntawm arid thiab barren suab puam steppe mus rau fertile teb nrog ntau dej. Qhov chaw nyob ntawm YCH cog qoob loo yog qhov zoo dua thiab cov txiaj ntsig siab dua, uas yuav pab tau kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev lag luam. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov chaw zoo tshaj no ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv loj hauv cov metabolites ntawm YCH; seb qhov no puas tsim nyog rau kev txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm YCH thiab yuav ua li cas kom ua tiav cov khoom lag luam zoo ntawm YCH los ntawm kev ntsuas kev cog qoob loo raws li kev tshawb fawb yuav xav tau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv.

Simulative habitat cultivation yog ib txoj hauv kev simulating qhov chaw nyob thiab ib puag ncig ntawm cov nroj tsuag tsiaj qus, raws li kev paub txog kev hloov mus sij hawm ntev ntawm cov nroj tsuag rau ib puag ncig kev ntxhov siab [43]. Los ntawm simulating ntau yam ib puag ncig uas cuam tshuam rau cov nroj tsuag qus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhov qub chaw nyob ntawm cov nroj tsuag siv los ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj kho mob tiag tiag, txoj hauv kev siv cov qauv tsim kev tshawb fawb thiab kev cuam tshuam rau tib neeg los sib npaug ntawm kev loj hlob thiab theem nrab metabolism ntawm Suav cov nroj tsuag tshuaj [43]. Cov txheej txheem tsom mus ua kom tiav cov kev pom zoo rau kev txhim kho cov khoom siv tshuaj zoo. Kev cog qoob loo simulative yuav tsum muab txoj hauv kev zoo rau kev tsim cov khoom lag luam zoo ntawm YCH txawm tias lub hauv paus pharmacodynamic, cov cim zoo thiab cov tswv yim teb rau ib puag ncig yam tsis meej. Yog li, peb xav tias kev tsim qauv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tswj hwm kev ntsuas hauv kev cog qoob loo thiab kev tsim khoom ntawm YCH yuav tsum tau ua nrog kev siv rau ib puag ncig cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tsiaj qus YCH, xws li arid, barren thiab xuab zeb av. Tib lub sijhawm, nws tseem cia siab tias cov kws tshawb fawb yuav ua qhov kev tshawb fawb tob ntxiv ntawm cov khoom siv ua haujlwm thiab cov cim zoo ntawm YCH. Cov kev tshawb fawb no tuaj yeem muab cov qauv ntsuas tau zoo dua rau YCH, thiab txhawb kev tsim khoom zoo thiab kev tsim kho kom ruaj khov ntawm kev lag luam.

nthuav dav
Herbal Fructus Amomi roj Ntuj zaws Diffusers 1kg Bulk Amomum villosum Cov roj tseem ceeb

Tsev neeg Zingiberaceae tau nyiam ntau ntxiv hauv kev tshawb fawb allelopathic vim cov roj nplua nuj volatile thiab aromaticity ntawm nws cov tswv cuab hom. Kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau pom tias cov tshuaj los ntawm Curcuma zedoaria (zedoary) [40], Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) BLBurtt & RMSm. [41] thiab Zingiber officinale Rosc. [42] ntawm Ginger tsev neeg muaj allelopathic cuam tshuam rau cov noob germination thiab seedling kev loj hlob ntawm pob kws, lettuce thiab lws suav. Peb txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no yog thawj daim ntawv tshaj tawm txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm allelopathic ntawm volatiles los ntawm stems, nplooj, thiab cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo hluas ntawm A. villosum (ib tug tswv cuab ntawm tsev neeg Zingiberaceae). Cov roj yield ntawm stems, nplooj, thiab cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo hluas yog 0.15%, 0.40%, thiab 0.50%, feem, qhia tau hais tias cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo tsim ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm volatile roj tshaj stems thiab nplooj. Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov roj tsis hloov pauv ntawm cov stems yog β-pinene, β-phellandrene thiab α-pinene, uas yog cov qauv zoo ib yam li cov tshuaj tseem ceeb ntawm nplooj roj, β-pinene thiab α-pinene (monoterpene hydrocarbons). Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov roj hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo hluas yog nplua nuj nyob hauv bornyl acetate thiab camphor (oxygenated monoterpenes). Cov txiaj ntsig tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm Do N Dai [30,32] thiab Hui Ao [31] uas tau txheeb xyuas cov roj los ntawm cov kabmob sib txawv ntawm A. villosum.

Muaj ntau cov lus ceeb toom txog cov nroj tsuag kev loj hlob inhibitory kev ua ub no ntawm cov ntsiab lus teb nyob rau hauv lwm hom. Shalinder Kaur pom tias α-pinene los ntawm eucalyptus prominently suppressed cag ntev thiab tua qhov siab ntawm Amaranthus viridis L. ntawm 1.0 μL concentration [43], thiab lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb pom tau tias α-pinene inhibited cov hauv paus hniav thaum ntxov thiab ua rau oxidative puas tsuaj hauv cov ntaub so ntswg los ntawm kev tsim cov pa oxygen ntau ntxiv [44]. Qee cov ntawv ceeb toom tau sib cav tias β-pinene inhibited germination thiab yub loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag kev sim tshuaj raws li cov lus teb los ntawm kev cuam tshuam cov membrane kev ncaj ncees [45], hloov cov nroj tsuag biochemistry thiab txhim kho cov dej num ntawm peroxidases thiab polyphenol oxidases [46]. β-Phellandrene nthuav tawm qhov siab tshaj plaws inhibition rau kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp ntawm qhov concentration ntawm 600 ppm [47], whereas, ntawm qhov concentration ntawm 250 mg / m3, camphor suppressed lub radicle thiab tua loj hlob ntawm Lepidium sativum L.48]. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tshawb fawb qhia txog cov nyhuv allelopathic ntawm bornyl acetate yog scanty. Hauv peb txoj kev tshawb fawb, cov teebmeem allelopathic ntawm β-pinene, bornyl acetate thiab camphor ntawm cov cag ntev tsis muaj zog dua li cov roj tsis muaj zog tshwj tsis yog rau α-pinene, whereas nplooj roj, nplua nuj nyob rau hauv α-pinene, kuj tseem muaj phytotoxic ntau dua li cov roj tsis sib xws los ntawm cov stems thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm A. nrhiav cov tshuaj tseem ceeb ntawm α-pinene. allelopathy los ntawm hom no. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov txiaj ntsig kuj tseem qhia tau tias qee qhov sib txuas hauv cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo roj uas tsis muaj ntau yuav ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm phytotoxic, ib qho kev tshawb nrhiav uas xav tau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv rau yav tom ntej.

Raws li ib txwm muaj, cov nyhuv allelopathic ntawm allelochemicals yog hom tshwj xeeb. Jiang et al. pom tias cov roj tseem ceeb uas tsim los ntawm Artemisia sieversiana ua rau muaj zog ntau dua ntawm Amaranthus retroflexus L. dua li ntawm Medicago sativa L., Poa annua L., thiab Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng. [49]. Hauv lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb, cov roj tsis hloov pauv ntawm Lavandula angustifolia Mill. tsim ntau qib ntawm phytotoxic cuam tshuam rau ntau hom nroj tsuag. Lolium multiflorum Lam. yog hom kab mob siab tshaj plaws, hypocotyl thiab radicle kev loj hlob raug txwv los ntawm 87.8% thiab 76.7%, feem, ntawm koob tshuaj 1 μL / mL roj, tab sis hypocotyl kev loj hlob ntawm dib seedlings tsis tshua muaj kev cuam tshuam [20]. Peb cov txiaj ntsig kuj tau pom tias muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov rhiab heev rau A. villosum volatiles ntawm L. sativa thiab L. perenne.

Cov tebchaw tsis hloov pauv thiab cov roj tseem ceeb ntawm tib hom tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm qhov ntau thiab / lossis zoo vim tias muaj kev loj hlob, cov khoom cog thiab kev tshawb nrhiav. Piv txwv li, ib daim ntawv qhia qhia tau hais tias pyranoid (10.3%) thiab β-caryophyllene (6.6%) yog cov tebchaw loj ntawm cov volatiles tawm los ntawm nplooj ntawm Sambucus nigra, whereas benzaldehyde (17.8%), α-bulnesene (16.6%) thiab tetracosane nplooj (11.5%) yog abund extract.50]. Nyob rau hauv peb txoj kev tshawb no, volatile tebchaw tso tawm los ntawm cov tshiab cog cov ntaub ntawv muaj zog allelopathic los ntawm cov nroj tsuag xeem tshaj cov extracted volatile roj, qhov sib txawv ntawm cov lus teb yog ze ze rau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov allelochemicals tam sim no nyob rau hauv ob qhov kev npaj. Qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj tsis haum thiab cov roj yuav tsum tau tshawb xyuas ntxiv hauv cov kev sim tom ntej.

Qhov sib txawv ntawm microbial ntau haiv neeg thiab microbial cov qauv hauv zej zog hauv cov qauv hauv av uas cov roj tsis hloov pauv tau ntxiv tau muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev sib tw ntawm cov kab mob nrog rau cov tshuaj lom thiab lub sijhawm ntawm cov roj tsis hloov pauv hauv av. Vokou thiab Liotiri [51] pom tau hais tias qhov kev thov ntawm plaub yam roj tseem ceeb (0.1 mL) rau cov av cog (150 g) ua pa ua pa ntawm cov qauv hauv av, txawm tias cov roj sib txawv hauv lawv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, qhia tias cov roj cog yog siv los ua cov pa roj carbon thiab lub zog los ntawm cov kab mob hauv av. Cov ntaub ntawv tau txais los ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no tau lees paub tias cov roj los ntawm tag nrho cov nroj tsuag ntawm A. villosum tau ua rau pom tseeb nce ntawm cov av fungal hom los ntawm 14 hnub tom qab cov roj ntxiv, qhia tias cov roj yuav muab cov pa roj carbon ntau rau cov av fungi. Lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb tau tshaj tawm qhov kev tshawb pom: cov kab mob hauv av tau rov qab los ntawm lawv qhov pib ua haujlwm thiab biomass tom qab ib ntus ntawm kev hloov pauv tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib ntxiv ntawm Thymbra capitata L. (Cav) roj, tab sis cov roj ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws (0.93 µL roj ib gram ntawm cov av) tsis pub cov av microorganisms rov qab pib ua haujlwm [52]. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no tam sim no, raws li kev soj ntsuam microbiological ntawm cov av tom qab tau kho nrog cov hnub sib txawv thiab cov concentrations, peb kwv yees tias cov kab mob hauv zej zog yuav rov zoo dua tom qab ntau hnub. Hauv qhov sib piv, cov fungal microbiota tsis tuaj yeem rov qab mus rau nws qhov qub. Cov txiaj ntsig hauv qab no tau lees paub qhov kev xav no: qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ua kom pom tseeb ntawm cov roj ntawm cov av fungal microbiome tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm (PCoA), thiab cov kev nthuav qhia heatmap tau lees paub dua tias cov fungal zej zog muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov av kho nrog 3.0 mg / mL roj (xws li 0.375 mg roj ib gram ntawm cov av sib txawv). Tam sim no, kev tshawb fawb txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov sib ntxiv ntawm monoterpene hydrocarbons lossis oxygenated monoterpenes ntawm cov av microbial ntau haiv neeg thiab cov qauv hauv zej zog tseem tsawg. Ob peb txoj kev tshawb fawb qhia tias α-pinene nce av microbial kev ua si thiab cov txheeb ze ntawm Methylophilaceae (ib pawg ntawm methylotrophs, Proteobacteria) nyob rau hauv cov dej tsis muaj dej, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ua cov pa roj carbon hauv cov av qhuav [53]. Ib yam li ntawd, roj volatile ntawm A. villosum tag nrho cov nroj tsuag, muaj 15.03% α-pinene (Ntxiv Table S1), pom tseeb tau nce qhov txheeb ze ntawm Proteobacteria ntawm 1.5 mg / mL thiab 3.0 mg / mL, uas tau pom tias α-pinene tuaj yeem ua raws li ib qho ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide rau cov kab mob hauv av.

Cov tshuaj volatile uas tsim los ntawm cov kab mob sib txawv ntawm A. villosum muaj ntau qib ntawm allelopathic teebmeem ntawm L. sativa thiab L. perenne, uas yog ze rau cov tshuaj lom neeg uas A. villosum cog qhov chaw muaj. Txawm hais tias cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov roj tsis hloov pauv tau lees paub, cov tshuaj tsis haum tshuaj tso tawm los ntawm A. villosum ntawm chav tsev kub tsis paub, uas xav tau kev tshawb nrhiav ntxiv. Ntxiv mus, cov nyhuv synergistic ntawm txawv allelochemicals kuj tsim nyog xav txog. Hais txog cov kab mob hauv av, txhawm rau tshawb nrhiav cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov roj tsis hloov pauv ntawm cov kab mob hauv av kom tiav, peb tseem yuav tsum tau tshawb fawb ntau ntxiv: txuas ntxiv lub sijhawm kho cov roj tsis hloov pauv thiab pom qhov txawv ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov roj tsis hloov pauv hauv cov av nyob rau ntau hnub.

nthuav dav
Ntshiab Artemisia capillaris roj rau tswm ciab thiab xab npum ua lag luam wholesale diffuser tseem ceeb roj tshiab rau reed burner diffusers

Rodent qauv tsim

Cov tsiaj tau muab faib ua tsib pawg ntawm kaum tsib nas txhua. Pawg tswj hwm thiab cov qauv pab pawg nas tau muab faib nrogsesame rojrau 6day. Cov pab pawg tswj tau zoo tau muab tshuaj nrog bifendate ntsiav tshuaj (BT, 10 mg / kg) rau 6 hnub. Cov pab pawg sim tau raug kho nrog 100 mg / kg thiab 50 mg / kg AEO yaj hauv cov roj noob hnav rau 6 hnub. Hnub 6, pawg tswj hwm tau kho nrog cov roj noob hnav, thiab tag nrho lwm pab pawg tau kho nrog ib koob tshuaj ntawm 0.2% CCl4 hauv cov roj noob hnav (10 ml / kg) los ntawmtxhaj tshuaj intraperitoneal. Cov nas tau yoo mov tsis muaj dej, thiab cov ntshav tau sau los ntawm cov hlab ntsha retrobulbar; cov ntshav sau tau centrifuged ntawm 3000 ×grau 10 feeb kom cais cov ntshav.Cervical dislocationtau ua tiav tam sim ntawd tom qab tshem tawm cov ntshav, thiab kuaj lub siab raug tshem tawm sai. Ib feem ntawm daim siab tus qauv tau muab khaws cia tam sim ntawm -20 ° C kom txog thaum kev soj ntsuam, thiab lwm qhov yog excised thiab kho hauv 10%formalindaws; cov ntaub so ntswg ntxiv tau khaws cia ntawm -80 ° C rau kev tshuaj xyuas histopathological (Wang et al., 2008,Hsu et al., 2009,Nie et al., 2015).

Kev ntsuas ntawm biochemical tsis nyob hauv cov ntshav

Kev raug mob lub siab raug ntsuas los ntawm kev kwv yeeskev ua haujlwm enzymaticntawm cov ntshav ALT thiab AST siv cov khoom siv coj mus muag raws li cov lus qhia rau cov khoom siv (Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, Suav). Cov dej num enzymatic tau qhia ua units ib liter (U / l).

Kev ntsuas ntawm MDA, SOD, GSH thiab GSH-Pxhauv daim siab homogenates

Lub siab cov ntaub so ntswg tau homogenized nrog txias physiological saline ntawm 1: 9 piv (w / v, siab: saline). Cov homogenates tau centrifuged (2500 ×grau 10 min) los sau cov supernatants rau qhov kev txiav txim tom ntej. Lub siab puas tsuaj tau raug soj ntsuam raws li kev ntsuas kab mob siab ntawm MDA thiab GSH qib nrog rau SOD thiab GSH-Pxkev ua si. Tag nrho cov no tau txiav txim siab ua raws li cov lus qhia ntawm cov khoom siv (Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, Suav). Cov txiaj ntsig rau MDA thiab GSH tau qhia raws li nmol ib mg protein (nmol / mg prot), thiab cov dej num ntawm SOD thiab GSH-Pxtau qhia raws li U per mg protein (U / mg prot).

Kev txheeb xyuas histopathological

Ib feem ntawm lub siab tau txais tshiab tau kho nyob rau hauv 10% bufferedparaformaldehydephosphate daws. Tom qab ntawd cov qauv tau muab tso rau hauv paraffin, hlais rau hauv 3-5 μm ntu, stained nroghematoxylinthiabeosin ua(H&E) raws li tus txheej txheem txheej txheem, thiab thaum kawg soj ntsuam los ntawmlub teeb microscopy(Tian et al., 2012).

Kev txheeb cais

Cov txiaj ntsig tau qhia raws li qhov nruab nrab ± tus qauv sib txawv (SD). Cov txiaj ntsig tau raug tshuaj xyuas los ntawm kev siv cov ntaub ntawv txheeb cais SPSS Statistics, version 19.0. Cov ntaub ntawv tau raug soj ntsuam ntawm qhov sib txawv (ANOVA,p<0.05) ua raws li Dunnett's test thiab Dunnett's T3 test los txiav txim siab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm ntau pawg sim. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb tau txiav txim siab nyob rau theem ntawmp<0.05 Nws.

Cov txiaj ntsig thiab kev sib tham

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm AEO

Raws li GC / MS tsom xam, AEO tau pom tias muaj 25 tus neeg sawv cev tawm ntawm 10 mus rau 35 min, thiab 21 tus neeg suav nrog 84% ntawm cov roj tseem ceeb tau txheeb xyuas (Table 1). Cov roj volatile muajmonoterpenoids(80.9%), sesquiterpenoids (9.5%), saturated unbranched hydrocarbons (4.86%) thiab lwm yam acetylene (4.86%). Piv nrog rau lwm cov kev tshawb fawb (Guo et al., 2004), peb pom muaj ntau monoterpenoids (80.90%) hauv AEO. Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias feem ntau cov ntsiab lus ntawm AEO yog β-citronellol (16.23%). Lwm yam tseem ceeb ntawm AEO suav nrog 1,8-cineole (13.9%),camphor(12.59%),linalool(11.33%), α-pinene (7.21%), β-pinene (3.99%),thymol(3.22%), thiabmyrcene(2.02%). Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg yuav muaj feem xyuam rau ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob uas cov nroj tsuag raug, xws li ntxhia dej, tshav ntuj, theem ntawm kev loj hlob thiabkhoom noj khoom haus.

nthuav dav
Ntshiab Saposhnikovia divaricata roj rau tswm ciab thiab xab npum ua lag luam wholesale diffuser tseem ceeb roj tshiab rau reed burner diffusers

2.1. Kev npaj SDE

Cov rhizomes ntawm SD tau yuav los ua tshuaj ntsuab qhuav los ntawm Hanherb Co. (Guri, Kauslim). Cov ntaub ntawv cog qoob loo tau lees paub taxonomically los ntawm Dr. Go-Ya Choi ntawm Kaus Lim Kauslim Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Tshuaj Oriental (KIOM). Ib daim voucher specimen (tus naj npawb 2014 SDE-6) tau muab tso rau hauv Korean Herbarium ntawm Standard Herbal Resources. Qhuav rhizomes ntawm SD (320 g) tau muab rho tawm ob zaug nrog 70% ethanol (nrog rau 2 h reflux) thiab cov extract yog ces concentrated nyob rau hauv txo siab. Lub decoction tau lim, lyophilized, thiab khaws cia ntawm 4 ° C. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhuav extract los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyoos pib yog 48.13% (w / w).

2.2. Quantitative High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Kev Ntsuam Xyuas

Kev soj ntsuam chromatographic tau ua nrog HPLC system (Waters Co., Milford, MA, USA) thiab lub ntsuas hluav taws xob photodiode array. Rau HPLC tsom xam ntawm SDE, qhov tseem ceeb-O-glucosylcimifugin tus qauv tau yuav los ntawm Kaus Lim Kauslim Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Lag Luam Kev Lag Luam (Gyeongsan, Kaus Lim Qab Teb), thiabsec-O-glucosylhamaudol thiab 4'-O-βD-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol raug cais tawm hauv peb lub chaw kuaj mob thiab txheeb xyuas los ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam spectral, feem ntau los ntawm NMR thiab MS.

Cov qauv SDE (0.1 mg) tau yaj hauv 70% ethanol (10 mL). Chromatographic sib cais tau ua nrog XSelect HSS T3 C18 kem (4.6 × 250 mm, 5μm, Waters Co., Milford, MA, USA). Cov theem txawb muaj xws li acetonitrile (A) thiab 0.1% acetic acid hauv dej (B) ntawm tus nqi ntws ntawm 1.0 mL / min. Qhov kev pab cuam gradient multistep tau siv raws li hauv qab no: 5% A (0 min), 5–20% A (0–10 min), 20% A (10–23 min), thiab 20–65% A (23–40 min). Kev tshawb nrhiav wavelength tau luam tawm ntawm 210-400 nm thiab kaw ntawm 254 nm. Kev txhaj tshuaj yog 10.0μL. Cov qauv kev daws teeb meem rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm peb chromones tau npaj ntawm qhov kawg siab ntawm 7.781 mg / mL (prim-O-glucosylcimifugin), 31.125 mg / mL (4'-O-βD-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol), thiab 31.125 mg / mL (sec-O-glucosylhamaudol) hauv methanol thiab khaws cia ntawm 4 ° C.

2.3. Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm Kev Tiv Thaiv Kab MobHauv Vitro

2.3.1. Cell Kab lis kev cai thiab qauv kev kho mob

RAW 264.7 hlwb tau txais los ntawm American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA, USA) thiab loj hlob hauv DMEM nruab nrab uas muaj 1% tshuaj tua kab mob thiab 5.5% FBS. Cells raug incubated nyob rau hauv ib tug humidified huab cua ntawm 5% CO2 ntawm 37 ° C. Txhawm rau txhawb cov hlwb, qhov nruab nrab tau hloov nrog DMEM tshiab nruab nrab, thiab lipopolysaccharide (LPS, Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA) ntawm 1μg/mL tau ntxiv rau qhov muaj lossis tsis muaj SDE (200 lossis 400μg / mL) ntxiv rau 24 teev.

2.3.2. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm Nitric Oxide (NO), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Tumor Necrosis Factor-α(TNF-α), thiab Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Production

Cov hlwb raug kho nrog SDE thiab txhawb nqa nrog LPS rau 24 teev. TSIS MUAJ ntau lawm tau soj ntsuam los ntawm kev ntsuas nitrite siv Griess reagent raws li kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los [12]. Kev tso tawm ntawm inflammatory cytokines PGE2, TNF-α, thiab IL-6 tau txiav txim siab siv cov khoom siv ELISA (R&D systems) raws li cov lus qhia ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom. Cov teebmeem ntawm SDE ntawm TSIS MUAJ thiab cytokine ntau lawm tau txiav txim siab ntawm 540 nm lossis 450 nm siv Wallac EnVision™Microplate nyeem ntawv (PerkinElmer).

2.4. Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm Antiosteoarthritis ActivityHauv Vivo

2.4.1. Tsiaj

Txiv neej Sprague-Dawley nas (7 lub lis piam) tau yuav los ntawm Samtako Inc. (Osan, Kaus Lim Kauslim) thiab nyob hauv kev tswj xyuas nrog 12-h lub teeb / tsaus voj voog ntawm°C thiab% av noo. Cov nas tsuag tau muab cov zaub mov thiab dejad libitum. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem sim tau ua raws li National Institutes of Health (NIH) cov lus qhia thiab pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Saib Xyuas Tsiaj thiab Siv Khoom ntawm Daejeon University (Daejeon, Republic of Kauslim).

2.4.2. Induction ntawm OA nrog MIA hauv nas

Cov tsiaj tau muab faib ua randomized thiab muab rau cov pab pawg kho mob ua ntej pib qhov kev kawm (ib pab pawg). MIA daws (3 mg/50μL ntawm 0.9% saline) tau txhaj ncaj qha rau hauv qhov chaw intra-articular ntawm lub hauv caug sab xis hauv qab tshuaj loog induced nrog kev sib xyaw ntawm ketamine thiab xylazine. Cov nas tau muab faib ua plaub pawg: (1) pab pawg saline uas tsis muaj kev txhaj tshuaj MIA, (2) pab pawg MIA nrog kev txhaj tshuaj MIA, (3) pab pawg SDE-kho (200 mg / kg) nrog kev txhaj tshuaj MIA, thiab (4) cov tshuaj indomethacin- (IM-) kho pab pawg (2 mg / kg) nrog kev txhaj tshuaj MIA. Cov nas tsuag tau muab qhov ncauj nrog SDE thiab IM 1 lub lis piam ua ntej MIA txhaj rau 4 lub lis piam. Qhov ntau npaum li cas ntawm SDE thiab IM siv nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no yog raws li cov neeg ua hauj lwm hauv cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los [10,13,14].

2.4.3. Kev ntsuas ntawm Hindpaw Weight-Bearing Distribution

Tom qab OA induction, thawj qhov sib npaug hauv qhov hnyav-kev muaj peev xwm ntawm hindpaws raug cuam tshuam. Tus ntsuas ntsuas tsis muaj peev xwm (Linton instrumentation, Norfolk, UK) tau siv los ntsuas qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov hnyav-kev kam rau siab. Cov nas tau ua tib zoo muab tso rau hauv chav ntsuas ntsuas. Qhov hnyav-kev quab yuam tawm los ntawm lub hind limb yog nruab nrab ntawm 3 s lub sijhawm. Qhov hnyav faib piv tau suav los ntawm qhov sib npaug hauv qab no: [qhov hnyav ntawm sab xis hind limb / (qhov hnyav ntawm sab xis hind limb + qhov hnyav ntawm sab laug hind limb)] × 100 [15].

2.4.4. Kev ntsuas ntawm Serum Cytokine Levels

Cov ntshav kuaj tau centrifuged ntawm 1,500 g rau 10 min ntawm 4 ° C; Tom qab ntawd cov ntshav tau sau thiab khaws cia ntawm -70 ° C kom txog thaum siv. Qib IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, thiab PGE2 hauv cov ntshav tau ntsuas siv ELISA cov khoom siv los ntawm R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA) raws li cov lus qhia ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom.

2.4.5 ib. Real-Time Quantitative RT-PCR Analysis

Tag Nrho RNA tau muab rho tawm los ntawm lub hauv caug cov ntaub so ntswg siv TRI reagent® (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), thim rov qab mus rau cDNA thiab PCR-amplified siv TM Ib Kauj Ruam RT PCR cov khoom siv nrog SYBR ntsuab (Applied Biosystems, Grand Island, NY, USA). Real-time quantitative PCR tau ua tiav siv Applied Biosystems 7500 Real-Time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, Grand Island, NY, USA). Cov primer sequences thiab probe-sequence yog qhia nyob rau hauv Table1. Aliquots ntawm cov qauv cDNAs thiab qhov sib npaug ntawm GAPDH cDNA tau nthuav dav nrog TaqMan® Universal PCR tus tswv sib xyaw uas muaj DNA polymerase raws li cov lus qhia chaw tsim khoom (Applied Biosystems, Foster, CA, USA). PCR cov xwm txheej yog 2 min ntawm 50 ° C, 10 min ntawm 94 ° C, 15 s ntawm 95 ° C, thiab 1 min ntawm 60 ° C rau 40 cycles. Qhov siab ntawm lub hom phiaj noob tau txiav txim siab siv qhov sib piv Ct (threshold cycle number ntawm cross-point of amplification plot and threshold), raws li cov chaw tsim khoom cov lus qhia.

nthuav dav
Ntshiab Dalbergia Odoriferae Lignum roj rau tswm ciab thiab xab npum ua lag luam wholesale diffuser tseem ceeb roj tshiab rau reed burner diffusers

Cov nroj tsuag tshuajDalbergia odoriferaT. Chen hom, kuj hu uaLignum Dalbergia odoriferae[1], belongs rau genusDalbergiatsev neeg Fabaceae (Leguminosae) [2]. Cov nroj tsuag no tau nthuav dav hauv thaj chaw sov ntawm Central thiab South America, Africa, Madagascar, thiab East thiab Southern Asia [1,3], tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv Suav teb [4].D. odoriferahom, uas tau raug hu ua "Jiangxiang" hauv Suav, "Kangjinhyang" hauv Kaus Lim Kauslim, thiab "Koshinko" hauv cov tshuaj Japanese, tau siv los kho cov kab mob plawv, mob qog noj ntshav, ntshav qab zib mellitus, ntshav tsis txaus, ischemia, o, necrosis, mob rheumatic, thiab lwm yam.5-7]. Tshwj xeeb, los ntawm Suav tshuaj ntsuab npaj, lub plawv tau pom thiab tau nquag ua haujlwm ua ib feem ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj sib tov rau kev kho mob plawv, suav nrog Qi-Shen-Yi-Qi decoction, Guanxin-Danshen tshuaj, thiab Danshen txhaj [5,6,8-11]. Raws li ntau lwm yamDalbergiahom, phytochemical kev tshawb nrhiav pom qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov feem ntau flavonoid, phenol, thiab sesquiterpene derivatives nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm heartwood [12]. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau cov ntaub ntawv bioactive ntawm cytotoxic, antibacterial, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antiosteosarcoma, antiosteoporosis, thiab vasorelaxant kev ua ub no thiab alpha-glucosidase inhibitory kev ua ub no qhia tau hais tias ob leeg.D. odoriferacrude extracts thiab nws cov metabolites theem nrab yog cov peev txheej tseem ceeb rau kev txhim kho tshuaj tshiab. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj pov thawj qhia txog kev pom dav dav txog cov nroj tsuag no. Hauv qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no, peb muab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg loj thiab kev ntsuam xyuas lom neeg. Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no yuav ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig rau kev nkag siab txog cov txiaj ntsig ib txwm muajD. odoriferathiab lwm yam tsiaj muaj feem xyuam, thiab nws muab cov txheej txheem tsim nyog rau kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej.

nthuav dav
Lag luam wholesale Ntshiab Ntuj Atractylodes Lancea Roj rau Txhua Hnub Kev Lag Luam Tshuaj Tshuaj Ntsuab Extract Atractylis Roj

KEV PAB CUAM THIAB COV NTAUB NTAWV: Cov ntaub ntawv no yog tsim los ntxiv, tsis yog hloov cov lus qhia los ntawm koj tus kws kho mob lossis tus kws kho mob thiab tsis yog txhais tau hais tias yuav siv tau, ceev faj, cuam tshuam lossis cuam tshuam. Cov ntaub ntawv no yuav tsis haum rau koj qhov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb. Tsis txhob ncua lossis tsis quav ntsej txog kev nrhiav kev qhia txog kev kho mob los ntawm koj tus kws kho mob lossis lwm tus kws kho mob uas tsim nyog vim yog qee yam koj tau nyeem hauv WebMD. Koj yuav tsum nrog koj tus kws kho mob lossis tus kws kho mob tham ua ntej koj pib, nres, lossis hloov ib feem ntawm koj txoj kev npaj kho mob lossis kev kho mob thiab txiav txim siab seb txoj kev kho mob twg yog qhov zoo rau koj.

Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj no yog muab los ntawm Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version. Cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm qhov chaw no yog pov thawj-raws li thiab lub hom phiaj, thiab tsis muaj kev lag luam cuam tshuam. Rau cov ntaub ntawv kho mob tshaj lij ntawm cov tshuaj ntuj, saib Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Professional Version.

nthuav dav
Lag luam wholesale Ntshiab Ntuj Atractylodes Lancea Roj rau Txhua Hnub Kev Lag Luam Tshuaj Tshuaj Ntsuab Extract Atractylis Roj

Atractylodes lancea cag extract yog dab tsi?

Atractylodes lancea yog Suav keeb kwm, cov nroj tsuag muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, uas yog cog rau nws cov rhizomes. Nws rhizomes muaj cov roj yam tseem ceeb.

Siv & Cov txiaj ntsig:

Nws muaj anti-inflammatory zog, nws soothes ntawm daim tawv nqaij thaum thov. Nws yuav pab tau rau pob txuv, khaus tawv nqaij.

nthuav dav
Menthol CamphorBorneol roj Cov ntsiab lus rau Da Dej Thiab Aromatherapy
Cov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev siv

Borneol muab kev sib tshuam zoo heev ntawm Western thiab Eastern tshuaj. Cov nyhuv ntawm Borneol yog dav hauv kev kho mob ntawm ntau yam kab mob. Hauv Suav Tshuaj, nws cuam tshuam nrog lub siab, spleen meridians, lub plawv, thiab lub ntsws. Hauv qab no yog cov npe ntawm qee qhov ntawm nws cov txiaj ntsig kev noj qab haus huv ntau.

Tiv thaiv kab mob ua pa thiab mob ntsws

Ntau cov kev tshawb fawb qhia tias terpenes, thiab Borneol, tshwj xeeb, txo cov mob ua pa. Borneol muajua kom pom kev ua tau zoonyob rau hauv txo o ntawm lub ntsws los ntawm kev txo cov inflammatory cytokines thiab inflammatory infiltration. Cov tib neeg xyaum suav tshuaj kuj feem ntau siv Borneol los kho bronchitis thiab cov kab mob zoo sib xws.

Anticancer zog

Borneol kuj tau ua qauv qhiaanticancer zoglos ntawm kev nce qhov kev txiav txim ntawm Selenocysteine (SeC). Qhov no txo qis mob qog noj ntshav los ntawm apoptotic (programmed) mob qog noj ntshav cell tuag. Hauv ntau cov kev tshawb fawb, Borneol kuj tau pom tias muaj kev ua tau zoo ntawmantitumor tshuaj aiming.

Cov nyhuv analgesic

Hauv ibkawmxav txog kev mob tom qab phais hauv tib neeg, tshuaj pleev Borneol daim ntawv thov ua rau txo qhov mob tseem ceeb piv rau pawg placebo tswj. Tsis tas li ntawd, acupuncturists nyiam siv Borneol topically rau nws cov khoom noj tshuaj.

Anti-inflammatory kev ua

Borneol muajua qauv qhiathaiv qee cov ion channel uas txhawb kev mob stimulus thiab o. Nws kuj pab nyob rau hauv qhov mob nyem los ntawm inflammatory kab mob xws limob caj dab rheumatoid.

Cov teebmeem Neuroprotective

Borneol muaj qee qhov kev tiv thaiv los ntawmneuronal cell tuagnyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm ischemic stroke. Nws kuj pab txhawb kev tsim kho ntawm lub hlwb thiab kho. Nws tau thov kom muaj qhov cuam tshuam neuroprotective los ntawm kev hloov cov permeability ntawm covntshav-hlwb barrier.

Fights kev ntxhov siab thiab qaug zog

Qee cov neeg siv cov kab mob cannabis uas muaj ntau dua Borneol qhia tias nws txo lawv cov kev ntxhov siab thiab txo qis kev nkees, yog li, tso cai rau lub xeev ntawm kev so tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab. Cov tib neeg uas xyaum suav tshuaj kuj lees paubnws txoj kev ntxhov siab nyem potential.

Entourage effect

Raws li nrog rau lwm cov terpenes, cov teebmeem ntawm Borneol ua ke nrog cov cannabinoids ntawm cannabis tau ua pov thawj tiasentourage nyhuv.Qhov no tshwm sim thaum cov tebchaw ua haujlwm ua ke los muab qee qhov txiaj ntsig kho mob siab. Borneol tuaj yeem ua rau cov ntshav-hlwb barrier permeability, tso cai rau kev yooj yim dua ntawm kev kho cov molecules mus rau hauv nruab nrab paj hlwb.

Ib cag los ntawm Borneol ntau cov ntawv siv tshuaj, nws kuj yog siv rau hauv tshuaj tua kab vim nws lub ntuj toxicity rau ntau kab. Perfumeries kuj siv Borneol rau nws cov ntxhiab tsw qab ntxiag rau tib neeg.

Muaj peev xwm txaus ntshai thiab cov teebmeem tshwm sim

Borneol feem ntau suav hais tias yog qhov thib ob terpene hauv cannabis, txhais tau tias nws tshwm sim hauv cov nyiaj me me. Cov koob tshuaj qis ntawm Borneol no tau xav tias yuav muaj kev nyab xeeb. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv cov koob tshuaj siab cais los yog raug mus ntev, Borneol tuaj yeem muaj qee yammuaj peev xwm txaus ntshai thiab cov kev mob tshwm sim, suav nrog:

tawv nqaij khaus

Kab mob ntawm qhov ntswg thiab caj pas

Mob taub hau

xeev siab thiab ntuav

kiv taub hau

Lub teeb-headedness

Ua tsis taus pa

Nrog rau Borneol siab heev, cov tib neeg tuaj yeem ntsib:

Kev tsis xis nyob

Kev ntxhov siab

Inattention

qaug dab peg

Yog tias nqos tau, nws tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kuab lom heev

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nco ntsoov tias cov nyiaj tam sim no hauv cannabis tsis zoo li ua rau cov tsos mob no. Kev khaus kuj tsis tshwm sim nrog cov koob tshuaj me me uas siv rau kev ua xua thiab lwm yam teebmeem.
nthuav dav
Ntshiab Cnidii Fructus roj rau tswm ciab thiab xab npum ua lag luam wholesale diffuser tseem ceeb roj tshiab rau reed burner diffusers

Cnidium yog ib tsob nroj uas nyob hauv Suav teb. Nws kuj tau pom nyob hauv Asmeskas hauv Oregon. Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo, noob, thiab lwm yam nroj tsuag yog siv los ua tshuaj.

Cnidium tau siv nyob rau hauv Cov Tshuaj Suav Tshuaj (TCM) rau ntau txhiab xyoo, feem ntau rau cov tawv nqaij mob. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias cnidium yog ib qho khoom muaj nyob rau hauv Suav tshuaj pleev, cream, thiab tshuaj pleev.

Cov tib neeg noj cnidium los ntawm qhov ncauj rau kev ua kom muaj kev sib deev thiab kev sib deev, thiab kho erectile kawg (ED). Cnidium kuj tseem siv rau kev nyuaj rau menyuam yaus (kev tsis muaj menyuam), kev tsim lub cev, mob qog noj ntshav, cov pob txha tsis muaj zog (osteoporosis), thiab kab mob fungal thiab kab mob. Qee tus neeg kuj coj nws los ua kom muaj zog.

Cnidium yog siv ncaj qha rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij rau khaus, pob khaus, eczema, thiab ringworm.

nthuav dav
Ntshiab oud Branded naj hoom tshuaj tsw qab roj rau tswm ciab thiab xab npum ua lag luam wholesale diffuser tseem ceeb roj tshiab rau reed burner diffusers

Tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm ATR

Cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm ATR feem ntau yog cov khoom tsis zoo thiab cov khoom tsis hloov pauv. ATR cov roj tseem ceeb (ATEO) raug suav tias yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm ATR, thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm ATEO tsuas yog qhov taw qhia rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm ATR cov ntsiab lus. Tam sim no, muaj ntau yam kev tshawb fawb txog qhov tsis hloov pauv thiab tsis tshua muaj kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov khoom tsis hloov pauv. Cov khoom tsis sib haum xeeb yog qhov nyuaj, thiab cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb yog phenylpropanoids (phenylpropanoids yooj yim, lignans thiab coumarins) thiab terpenoids (monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenoids thiab triterpenes). Cov khoom tsis-volatile feem ntau yog alkaloids, aldehydes thiab acids, quinones thiab ketones, sterols, amino acids, thiab carbohydrates. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm ATR kev tshawb fawb tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg yuav pab txhawb kev txhim kho nws cov kev tshawb fawb zoo.

Volatile muaj pes tsawg leeg

Cov kws tshawb fawb tau siv cov txheej txheem kev tshuaj ntsuam xyuas xws li chromatography thiab GC-MS los tshuaj xyuas cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm ATR los ntawm ntau lub hauv paus, cov khoom sib txawv, cov txheej txheem sib txawv thiab cov khoom sib txawv. Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau qhia tias cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg tseem ceeb hauv ATR yog cov roj tsis hloov pauv, uas yog qhov taw qhia tseem ceeb rau kev ntsuas qhov zoo ntawm ATR. α-Asarone thiab β-asarone accounted rau 95% ntawm ATR volatile roj thiab raug txheeb xyuas raws li cov yam ntxwv Cheebtsam (Daim duab 1) (Lam et al., 2016a). Lub "Pharmacopoeia ntawm Cov Neeg Lub Tebchaws Suav Tebchaws ntawm Tuam Tshoj" (2020 Tsab) sau tseg tias cov roj tsis hloov pauv ntawm ATR yuav tsum tsis pub tsawg dua 1.0% (mL / g). Tam sim no, ntau hom roj tsis hloov pauv tau pom hauv ATR

nthuav dav