piav qhia luv luv:
Suav Pharmacopoeia (2020 tsab) xav kom cov methanol extract ntawm YCH yuav tsum tsis txhob tsawg tshaj li 20.0% [2], tsis muaj lwm yam kev ntsuas ntsuas tau teev tseg. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb no qhia tau hais tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov tshuaj methanol extracts ntawm cov tsiaj qus thiab cog qoob loo ob leeg ua tau raws li tus qauv tshuaj pharmacopoeia, thiab tsis muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm lawv. Yog li ntawd, tsis muaj qhov zoo sib txawv ntawm cov qauv qus thiab cog qoob loo, raws li qhov ntsuas ntawd. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntsiab lus ntawm tag nrho cov sterols thiab tag nrho cov flavonoids hauv cov qauv qus tau ntau dua li cov hauv cov qauv cog qoob loo. Kev txheeb xyuas metabolomic ntxiv tau nthuav tawm ntau cov metabolite ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov tsiaj qus thiab cog qoob loo. Tsis tas li ntawd, 97 qhov sib txawv metabolites tau raug tshuaj xyuas, uas tau teev nyob rau hauvNtxiv Table S2. Ntawm cov metabolites sib txawv no yog β-sitosterol (ID yog M397T42) thiab quercetin derivatives (M447T204_2), uas tau tshaj tawm tias yog cov khoom xyaw nquag. Yav dhau los cov ntsiab lus tsis tau tshaj tawm, xws li trigonelline (M138T291_2), betaine (M118T277_2), fustin (M269T36), rotenone (M241T189), arctiin (M557T165) thiab loganic acid (M3_29T28), kuj yog metabolites. Cov khoom no ua si ntau lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tiv thaiv oxidation, tiv thaiv kev mob, tshem tawm cov dawb radicals, tiv thaiv qog noj ntshav thiab kho atherosclerosis thiab, yog li ntawd, tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom siv tshiab hauv YCH. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom xyaw nquag txiav txim siab qhov ua tau zoo thiab zoo ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj [7]. Hauv cov ntsiab lus, methanol extract tsuas yog YCH qhov kev ntsuas qhov ntsuas tau zoo muaj qee qhov kev txwv, thiab cov cim tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau tshawb xyuas ntxiv. Muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv tag nrho cov sterols, tag nrho cov flavonoids thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntau lwm cov metabolites sib txawv ntawm cov tsiaj qus thiab cog qoob loo YCH; yog li, muaj peev xwm qee qhov zoo sib txawv ntawm lawv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov khoom tshiab uas tau tshawb pom muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo hauv YCH tej zaum yuav muaj txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb rau kev kawm txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm YCH thiab kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm YCH cov peev txheej.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj tau ntev tau lees paub hauv thaj av tshwj xeeb ntawm keeb kwm los tsim cov tshuaj suav tshuaj ntsuab zoo heev [
8]. Kev ua tau zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj, thiab qhov chaw nyob yog qhov tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv zoo li no. Puas tau txij li YCH pib siv los ua tshuaj, nws tau ntev los ntawm YCH qus. Tom qab ua tiav kev taw qhia thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm YCH hauv Ningxia hauv xyoo 1980s, lub hauv paus ntawm Yinchaihu cov ntaub ntawv tshuaj maj mam hloov ntawm cov tsiaj qus mus rau cog YCH. Raws li kev tshawb nrhiav yav dhau los rau YCH qhov chaw [
9] thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm peb pab pawg tshawb fawb, muaj qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb hauv thaj chaw faib khoom ntawm cov khoom siv cog qoob loo thiab cov khoom siv tshuaj ntsuab. Cov tsiaj qus YCH feem ntau yog muab faib rau hauv Ningxia Hui Autonomous Thaj Chaw ntawm Shaanxi Xeev, nyob ib sab ntawm thaj tsam arid ntawm Inner Mongolia thiab hauv nruab nrab Ningxia. Tshwj xeeb, cov suab puam steppe nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no yog qhov chaw zoo tshaj plaws rau YCH txoj kev loj hlob. Nyob rau hauv sib piv, cov cultivated YCH feem ntau yog muab faib mus rau sab qab teb ntawm cov qus tis cheeb tsam, xws li Tongxin County (Cultivated I) thiab nws cov cheeb tsam ib puag ncig, uas tau dhau los ua qhov loj tshaj plaws cultivation thiab ntau lawm puag nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj, thiab Pengyang County (Cultivated II) , uas yog nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam yav qab teb thiab yog lwm qhov chaw tsim khoom rau cog YCH. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov chaw nyob ntawm ob qhov chaw cog qoob loo saum toj no tsis yog suab puam steppe. Yog li ntawd, ntxiv rau hom kev tsim khoom, kuj tseem muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov chaw nyob ntawm cov tsiaj qus thiab cog qoob loo YCH. Habitat yog ib qho tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj ntsuab. Cov chaw nyob sib txawv yuav cuam tshuam rau kev tsim thiab sib sau ntawm cov metabolites theem nrab hauv cov nroj tsuag, yog li cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj [
10,
11]. Yog li ntawd, qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm tag nrho cov flavonoids thiab tag nrho cov sterols thiab cov lus qhia ntawm 53 metabolites uas peb pom hauv txoj kev tshawb no tej zaum yuav tshwm sim los ntawm kev tswj teb thiab chaw nyob sib txawv.
Ib txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb uas ib puag ncig cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj yog los ntawm kev siv zog rau cov nroj tsuag. Kev ntxhov siab ib puag ncig ib puag ncig zoo li txhawb kev sib sau ntawm cov metabolites theem nrab [
12,
13]. Qhov kev loj hlob / qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kev xav tau hais tias, thaum cov khoom noj muaj txaus, cov nroj tsuag feem ntau loj hlob, thaum cov as-ham tsis txaus, cov nroj tsuag feem ntau sib txawv thiab tsim cov metabolites thib ob [
14]. Drought kev nyuaj siab tshwm sim los ntawm dej tsis txaus yog lub ntsiab ib puag ncig kev nyuaj siab ntsib los ntawm cov nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv arid cheeb tsam. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, cov dej ntawm cov cultivated YCH yog ntau tshaj, nrog rau txhua xyoo nag los nag ntau dua li cov qus YCH (dej mov rau Cultivated kuv yog hais txog 2 npaug ntawm cov qus; Cultivated II yog hais txog 3.5 npaug ntawm cov qus qus. ). Tsis tas li ntawd, cov av hauv ib puag ncig qus yog cov av xuab zeb, tab sis cov av hauv thaj av yog av nplaum. Piv nrog cov av nplaum, cov av xuab zeb muaj peev xwm khaws cov dej tsis zoo thiab muaj feem yuav ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab ntau dua. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov txheej txheem cog qoob loo feem ntau nrog kev ywg dej, yog li qhov kev ntxhov siab ntawm drought tsawg. Tsiaj qus YCH loj hlob nyob rau hauv hnyav tej yam ntuj tso arid chaw, thiab yog li ntawd nws yuav raug kev txom nyem drought loj heev.
Osmoregulation yog ib qho tseem ceeb physiological mechanism uas cov nroj tsuag tiv nrog drought kev nyuaj siab, thiab alkaloids yog ib qho tseem ceeb osmotic regulators nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag siab dua [
15]. Betaines yog dej-soluble alkaloid quaternary ammonium compounds thiab tuaj yeem ua osmoprotectants. Kev nyuaj siab ntxhov plawv tuaj yeem txo cov peev xwm osmotic ntawm cov hlwb, thaum osmoprotectants khaws thiab tswj cov qauv thiab kev ncaj ncees ntawm cov macromolecules lom, thiab txo qhov kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kev nyuaj siab rau cov nroj tsuag [
16]. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv drought kev nyuaj siab, cov ntsiab lus betaine ntawm qab zib beet thiab Lycium barbarum nce ho [
17,
18]. Trigonelline yog tus tswj kev loj hlob ntawm tes, thiab nyob rau hauv drought kev nyuaj siab, nws muaj peev xwm ncua ntev ntawm cov nroj tsuag cell voj voog, inhibit cell loj hlob thiab ua rau lub cell ntim shrinkage. Cov txheeb ze nce nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub cell ua rau cov nroj tsuag kom ua tiav cov kev cai osmotic thiab txhim khu nws lub peev xwm los tiv thaiv drought kev nyuaj siab [
19]. JIA X [
20] pom tias, nrog kev nce hauv kev ntxhov siab, Astragalus membranaceus (ib lub hauv paus ntawm cov tshuaj suav tshuaj) tsim ntau trigonelline, uas ua rau tswj cov peev xwm osmotic thiab txhim kho lub peev xwm tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab. Flavonoids kuj tau pom tias ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov nroj tsuag tsis kam tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab [
21,
22]. Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau lees paub tias qhov kev ntxhov siab me ntsis kev nyuaj siab yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev sib sau ntawm flavonoids. Lang Duo-Yong et al. [
23] piv cov teebmeem ntawm kev nyuaj siab rau kev nyuaj siab ntawm YCH los ntawm kev tswj cov dej tuav hauv thaj teb. Nws tau pom tias kev nyuaj siab ntxhov siab cuam tshuam kev loj hlob ntawm cov hauv paus hniav mus rau qee qhov, tab sis nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab hnyav drought kev nyuaj siab (40% dej tuav peev), tag nrho cov ntsiab lus flavonoid hauv YCH nce. Meanwhile, nyob rau hauv drought kev nyuaj siab, phytosterols tuaj yeem ua los tswj cov cell membrane fluidity thiab permeability, inhibit dej poob thiab txhim kho kev ntxhov siab.
24,
25]. Yog li ntawd, qhov nce ntxiv ntawm tag nrho cov flavonoids, tag nrho cov sterols, betaine, trigonelline thiab lwm yam metabolites theem nrab hauv cov tsiaj qus YCH tej zaum yuav cuam tshuam rau kev siv zog drought siab.
Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, KEGG txoj kev txhim kho kev txheeb xyuas tau ua tiav ntawm cov metabolites uas tau pom tias muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tsiaj qus thiab cog qoob loo YCH. Cov metabolites enriched suav nrog cov neeg koom nrog hauv txoj hauv kev ntawm ascorbate thiab aldarate metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, histidine metabolism thiab beta-alanine metabolism. Cov txheej txheem metabolic no muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov nroj tsuag kev nyuaj siab tiv thaiv mechanisms. Ntawm lawv, ascorbate metabolism plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov nroj tsuag antioxidant ntau lawm, carbon thiab nitrogen metabolism, kev ntxhov siab thiab lwm yam kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub cev [
26]; aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis yog txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov protein [
27,
28], uas yog koom nrog hauv kev sib txuas ntawm cov protein tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab. Ob txoj hauv kev histidine thiab β-alanine tuaj yeem txhim kho kev cog qoob loo rau ib puag ncig kev ntxhov siab [
29,
30]. Qhov no qhia ntxiv tias qhov sib txawv ntawm cov metabolites ntawm cov tsiaj qus thiab cog qoob loo YCH muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ntxhov siab.
Av yog cov khoom siv hauv paus rau kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag tshuaj. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) thiab poov tshuaj (K) hauv av yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Av organic teeb meem kuj muaj N, P, K, Zn, Ca, Mg thiab lwm yam macroelements thiab kab kawm uas xav tau rau cov nroj tsuag tshuaj. Cov as-ham ntau dhau los yog tsis txaus, lossis qhov sib npaug ntawm cov khoom noj tsis txaus, yuav cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob thiab cov khoom siv tshuaj zoo, thiab cov nroj tsuag sib txawv muaj cov khoom noj sib txawv [
31,
32,
33]. Piv txwv li, qhov tsis tshua muaj N kev ntxhov siab txhawb kev sib txuas ntawm alkaloids hauv Isatis indigotica, thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev sib sau ntawm flavonoids hauv cov nroj tsuag xws li Tetrastigma hemsleyanum, Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge thiab Dichondra repens Forst. Nyob rau hauv sib piv, ntau N inhibited lub tsub zuj zuj ntawm flavonoids nyob rau hauv hom xws li Erigeron breviscapus, Abrus cantoniensis thiab Ginkgo biloba, thiab cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshuaj [
34]. Daim ntawv thov ntawm P fertilizer tau zoo hauv kev nce cov ntsiab lus ntawm glycyrrhizic acid thiab dihydroacetone hauv Ural licorice [
35]. Thaum daim ntawv thov nyiaj ntau tshaj 0·12 kg·m−2, tag nrho cov ntsiab lus flavonoid hauv Tussilago farfara txo [
36]. Daim ntawv thov ntawm P fertilizer muaj qhov tsis zoo rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm polysaccharides hauv cov tshuaj suav tshuaj rhizoma polygonati [
37], tab sis K chiv tau zoo hauv kev nce nws cov ntsiab lus ntawm saponins [
38]. Kev siv 450 kg·hm−2 K chiv yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau kev loj hlob thiab saponin sib sau ntawm Panax notoginseng ob xyoos [
39]. Raws li qhov piv ntawm N: P: K = 2: 2: 1, tag nrho cov nyiaj ntawm hydrothermal extract, harpagide thiab harpagoside yog qhov siab tshaj [
40]. Qhov sib piv siab ntawm N, P thiab K tau txais txiaj ntsig los txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm Pogostemon cablin thiab nce cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov roj tsis hloov pauv. Qhov qis qis ntawm N, P thiab K nce cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm Pogostemon cablin qia nplooj roj [
41]. YCH yog cov nroj tsuag uas tsis muaj av-tiv taus, thiab nws yuav muaj cov kev cai tshwj xeeb rau cov as-ham xws li N, P thiab K. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, piv nrog cov cultivated YCH, cov av ntawm cov qus YCH nroj tsuag kuj barren: cov av txheem. ntawm cov organic teeb meem, tag nrho N, tag nrho P thiab tag nrho K yog kwv yees li 1/10, 1/2, 1/3 thiab 1/3 ntawm cov nroj tsuag cultivated, feem. Yog li, qhov sib txawv ntawm cov as-ham hauv av tej zaum yuav yog lwm qhov laj thawj rau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov metabolites kuaj pom hauv cov cog thiab qus YCH. Weibao Ma et al. [
42] pom tias daim ntawv thov ntawm ib tug npaum li cas ntawm N chiv thiab P chiv ho txhim kho cov qoob loo thiab zoo ntawm cov noob. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus ntawm qhov zoo ntawm YCH tsis meej, thiab kev ntsuas fertilization los txhim kho cov khoom siv tshuaj zoo yuav tsum tau kawm ntxiv.
Cov tshuaj suav tshuaj ntsuab muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm "Cov chaw nyob zoo txhawb cov txiaj ntsig, thiab cov chaw tsis zoo txhim kho kom zoo" [
43]. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm maj mam hloov ntawm cov tsiaj qus mus rau cultivated YCH, qhov chaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag hloov los ntawm arid thiab barren suab puam steppe mus rau fertile teb nrog ntau dej. Qhov chaw nyob ntawm YCH cog qoob loo yog qhov zoo dua thiab cov txiaj ntsig siab dua, uas yuav pab tau kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev lag luam. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov chaw zoo tshaj no ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv loj hauv cov metabolites ntawm YCH; seb qhov no puas tsim nyog rau kev txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm YCH thiab yuav ua li cas kom ua tiav cov khoom lag luam zoo ntawm YCH los ntawm kev ntsuas kev cog qoob loo raws li kev tshawb fawb yuav xav tau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv.
Simulative habitat cultivation yog ib txoj hauv kev simulating qhov chaw nyob thiab ib puag ncig ntawm cov nroj tsuag tsiaj qus, raws li kev paub txog kev hloov mus sij hawm ntev ntawm cov nroj tsuag rau ib puag ncig kev ntxhov siab [
43]. Los ntawm simulating ntau yam ib puag ncig uas cuam tshuam rau cov nroj tsuag qus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qhov qub chaw nyob ntawm cov nroj tsuag siv los ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj kho mob tiag tiag, txoj hauv kev siv cov qauv tsim kev tshawb fawb thiab kev cuam tshuam rau tib neeg los sib npaug ntawm kev loj hlob thiab theem nrab metabolism ntawm Suav cov nroj tsuag tshuaj [
43]. Cov txheej txheem tsom mus ua kom tiav cov kev pom zoo rau kev txhim kho cov khoom siv tshuaj zoo. Kev cog qoob loo simulative yuav tsum muab txoj hauv kev zoo rau kev tsim cov khoom lag luam zoo ntawm YCH txawm tias lub hauv paus pharmacodynamic, cov cim zoo thiab cov tswv yim teb rau ib puag ncig yam tsis meej. Yog li, peb xav tias kev tsim qauv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tswj hwm kev ntsuas hauv kev cog qoob loo thiab kev tsim khoom ntawm YCH yuav tsum tau ua nrog kev siv rau ib puag ncig cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tsiaj qus YCH, xws li arid, barren thiab xuab zeb av. Tib lub sijhawm, nws tseem cia siab tias cov kws tshawb fawb yuav ua qhov kev tshawb fawb tob ntxiv ntawm cov khoom siv ua haujlwm thiab cov cim zoo ntawm YCH. Cov kev tshawb fawb no tuaj yeem muab cov qauv ntsuas tau zoo dua rau YCH, thiab txhawb kev tsim khoom zoo thiab kev tsim kho kom ruaj khov ntawm kev lag luam.
